Immuno Oncology: What have the Last 3 Decades Brought?

Fontan operation after 3 decades: what we have learned.

T he Fontan operation was designed to provide blood flow in series to the pulmonary and systemic circulation without the requirement for a right ventricular pumping chamber. The operation allows systemic venous blood to flow directly into the pulmonary circulation on the basis of a single ventricular impetus through the arteries, capillaries, and systemic venous system. This arrangement has imp...

Seroma Formation after Breast Cancer Surgery: What We Have Learned in the Last Two Decades

Formation of a seroma most frequently occurs after mastectomy and axillary surgery. Prolonged drainage is troublesome as it increases the risk for infection and can significantly delay adjuvant therapy. Seroma has been defined as serous fluid collection under the skin flaps or in the axillary dead space following mastectomy and/or axillary dissection. Because the true etiology of a seroma is un...

The immuno-oncology framework

Developers of cancer immunotherapy have struggled for decades to achieve clinical success in using the patient's immune system to treat cancer. In the absence of a defined development paradigm for immunotherapies, conventional criteria established for chemotherapy were applied to these agents. This article summarizes the recent lessons for development of agents in the immunotherapy space, descr...

Oil scarcity: What have the past three decades revealed?

Oil shortages have been predicted over the past 30 years. In fact, oil is more plentiful now in an economic sense than in 1973. The reason for such misconceptions lies mainly in reliance on analytical techniques that do not comprehend oil as an economic commodity. r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Evolution in the Production and control of Equine Tetanus Antitoxin During the last 3 decades in Iran.